Environnement et developpement durable pdf

Froger G. Lewis A. Losch B. Ostrom E. The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Massachusetts.

Passet R. Paris, Payot. Economica, Paris, Perroux F. Platteau J. Reed D. Sachs I. Schembri P. In Caldwell L. Schubert K.

Paris, Vuibert. Stiglitz J. Taylor L. New York, Basic Books. Turnbull C. Paris, Plon, coll. Tubiana L. Van Wijnbergen S. Journal of Development Economics , Vivien F. In Jollivet M.

Elsevier ASA : Les auteurs remercient les membres du Gemdev, en particulier Ph. Hugon, J. Gabas, Ph. Piel, J. Coussy, et I. Bellier, ainsi que P. Jolivet et J. Dubois C3ED pour leurs remarques et commentaires. Version classique Version mobile. Pb is the most common persistent toxic metal in the environment [7]. It has been widely distributed in the environment since prehis- toric times and causes adverse effects on human health [8]. Our search focused on 46 difficult for humans to avoid its use due to its valuable properties scientific papers.

Among of them, 35 were peer-reviewed articles, such as softness, malleability, ductility, low conductivity and high 8 were book chapters and 3 were oral communications at inter- resistance to environmental corrosion [7].

Human contamination national conferences. These scientific papers comprised 32 that by Pb can occur occupationally or environmentally through inhala- included data from other countries and 14 that included informa- tion, smoking, water and dietary intake [11].

Generally, Pb is highly tion on the Haitian population. Of the 32 scientific papers used, toxic, especially to children [12].

Its concentration in surface water 28 were peer-reviewed articles. This level can be increased by many Organization and 25 of the 28 publications were used to estimate factors such as the drainage of untreated urban and industrial heavy metal exposure. In addition, 3 of the 28 articles give detailed wastewater into the subsoil [14]. After drinking water, the different descriptions of water resource management and recommendations sources of Pb contamination are house paint containing Pb [15], for the medical management of exposure to Pb.

However, the severity of and 2 oral communications at international conferences. One of the adverse effects of this metal in the environment depend on the these reports confirmed the presence of Pb in the blood of Haitian duration of exposure, its bioavailability, how much of it enters the children, while 6 of them studied the presence of Pb in drinking body and how much reaches the critical target organ s [6].

A book chapter was chosen to unders- In developing countries, HM concentrations have been detected tand the sewage-drainage system in Port-au-Prince. We excluded in groundwater samples and some of them are higher than the all studies evaluating exposure to Pb via atmospheric emissions threshold values fixed by WHO [20]. In Haiti, the presence of Pb in because we focused on exposure to Pb in drinking water. In general, the urban wastewater of Port-au-Prince has been reported [6], [21].

In addition, 2 other articles on the situation in Haiti infiltration due to poor solid waste management [22]. Moreover, Pb were rejected because they did not address exposure to Pb. A sum- has been detected in drinking water [23]. The aim of this article is to mary of the different publications used in the development of this develop a synthesis on the general effects of Pb on human health work is shown in Table 1.

Many of its 2 inhabitants [31]. Over the toxic properties are due to its capacity to mimic or compete with calcium in a variety of cellular years, the Haitian health system has and physiological processes such as calcium transport [11, 24, 26]. It inhibits the entry of calcium faced many challenges in a context into cells, cellular respiration and calcium kinetics [11].

Its capacity to interfere with biochemical of chronic limitations of finan- events in body cells may explain the multi-systemic adverse effects observed in adults and cial and human resources [32]. The children [27]. What is more, the toxicity of Pb in children is higher than that in adults [7, 24]. It is public health system is faced with responsible for decreased intellectual capacity, loss of hearing, reduced hand-eye coordination, the onerous burden of managing and impaired ability to pay attention [12].

Exposure to Pb in children can start in utero [11, 28, 29]. However, the pollution calcium through the placenta. It can also cause low birth weight associated with endocrine of groundwater by heavy metals is a disorders and may also be responsible for metabolic disorders apparent during later life [29]. It well-known and significant environ- has been reported that a low level of Pb exposure during pregnancy, even at levels considered mental problem [6].

Despite many safe for adults, can harm the development of the fetus [11]. The results these pollutants on the environment, of Chelchowska et al. Haitian public health policies. Indeed, At low doses, chronic Pb exposure can lead to metal accumulation in many tissues, particularly groundwater resources in Port-au- bone [28]. In turn, this calcium level increases not only the blood calcium level, but nation due to leachates, cesspools also the blood Pb concentration [30].

With 10 inhabitants, it is geographically divided in 10 departments consisting the scenario is probably the same in of 42 arrondissements and a total of communes [31]. The bay of Port-au-Prince receives untreated rainwater and urban was- tewater from residential areas and commercial and industrial activities, all sources that contribute signifi- cantly to the pollution of the bay [35].

The hazards of urban effluents are related to chemical for example Pb released in the effluents and which can induce modifications in the struc- ture and function of aquatic ecosys- tems [36]. These hazards are also a consequence of high concentrations of organic matter in urban discharges which lead to an increase in the consumption of dissolved oxygen, and potentially to a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the natural environment [37].

The different consequences of this situa- tion generate risks for the environ- ment and for the local population. In this study, their effects on diffe- situation can have an impact on fish rent levels of the marine food chain were measured on the algae Asterionella glacialis and morbidity and the bacterial conta- Asterionella japonica and the crustacean Cancer anthonyi.

Fol- a city whose drainage systems are lowing the results obtained by Emmanuel et al. The density of the and Cd to sorb on soils of the Cul-de-Sac plain [34]. This situation may explain the overexploitation significantly modify the physical pro- of this aquifer. Despite this, the city of Port-au-Prince is not subject to water stress. However, perties of the land, with a decrease in some scientists think that this problem could be topical in the next 3 decades [22].

In a previous study, the dosage out on the risk to human health of blood Pb was a parameter considered in the medical check-ups carried out on adopted caused by chronic exposure to lead children who had immigrated to France. This study was conducted in France on 24 Haitian in the public water supply of Port- children adopted between to On their arrival in France, high levels of Pb, i.

These studies confirmed the urgent need for the ongoing health risk assessment of urban Emmanuel et al. Thus, a high concentration of metallic pollu- tants can cause biological imbalances in aquatic ecosystems [40].

However, the lack of wastewater treat- ment plants and a policy aimed at eli- minating the pollutants in effluents means that the wastewater from paint manufacturing is discharged directly into the aquatic ecosystem of Port-au-Prince bay. In the context of discharges into the aquatic ecosystem, Angerville et al.

No laboratory specialized in focused on preventing hurricanes because earthquakes are less the treatment of wastewater or in monitoring the quality of the common. To date, no studies have been conducted to determine environment and food safety has been set up. There are several which pollutants were released into the environment as a result of reasons why Pb exposure should be taken seriously.

Pb poisoning collapsed building, as most of these buildings were painted with has been associated with low iron levels in the serum. In addition, paints containing Pb. To this end, we believe that new public health the correction or prevention of iron deficiency in the newborn strategies must involve environmental actions to improve human would reduce blood Pb levels.

However, excess Pb in children can health in order to ensure sustainable development for future gene- also be transmitted during pregnancy from mother to child [43].

To date, we have no data on the level of Pb contained in the blood The reality of environmental pollutants requires understanding the of mother-child pairs. We believe that this information would legal framework for regulating them. However, the application of Pb in breast milk. Benjelloun et al. Thus, the Rural Code fibrosis revealed by kidney biopsy [44].

In , Haitian environmental such as those with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which are laws empowered the Haitian government to develop control stan- among the main causes of CKD [7, 44, 45]. In addition, it is known dards to prevent biological hazards for the aquatic system [49] that the cumulative load of Pb in the body tends to increase with COHPEDA, Recently, in January , standards were esta- age, as does the risk of kidney disease due to other factors [45]. When such programs do exist, the renal replacement therapy in the future [47].

In this context, it is standards determined are not always disclosed to the public. Most necessary to conduct research to better define the contributions often they have been proposed by non-governmental organiza- of Pb exposure to the health state of CKD patients. However, the tions or other foreign institutions that finance these programs. Do situation of Haitian patients with CKD is very complicated. Accor- the standards proposed by these international institutions take ding to Exantus et al.

In addition, patients are sub-dialyzed in other countries that do not share the same socio-geographic with one to two sessions due to the number of stations available reality as Haiti, so they are not adapted to the Haitian situation. It should be recalled that Haiti is located in an area scientific results on the issue of environmental pollutants in Haiti. This will bring together government authorities, enterprises and The country is also subject to violent tropical storms that cause scientists in decision-making.

In this framework, the government severe floods Fay, Gustav, Hanna, Ike, Jeanne, fulfils its sovereign function by working to regularize standards. Georges, Gordon, Flora, Hazel. With regard to Enterprises that produce pollutants must be aware of the danger earthquakes, the history of Port-au-Prince has been marked by to which the public is exposed.

Science stands at the interface two major earthquakes in and [39] and more recently in and plays a mediating role. It must take into account the diffe- January the earthquake of magnitude 7. Unfortunately, risk management has become obsolete. Caussy, M. Gochfeld, E. Gurzau, C. Neagu, and H. Emmanuel, M. Pierre, and Y. Wani, A. Ara, and J. Hsu and Y. Markowitz, P. Bijur, H. Ruff, K. Balbi, and J. In Haiti, awareness of chemical lead poisoning: trends in blood lead levels in unchelated children.

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